Which statement about hemoglobin is true regarding women?

Women typically have lower hemoglobin levels compared to men due to physiological differences, particularly related to body size and blood volume. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen, and its levels can be influenced by several factors, including sex, muscle mass, and overall health.

In men, higher levels of testosterone contribute to increased red blood cell production, which usually results in elevated hemoglobin concentrations. In contrast, women generally have a smaller muscle mass and a larger proportion of body fat, which correlates with lower hemoglobin levels. Additionally, menstrual blood loss can further contribute to lower hemoglobin levels in women.

Understanding these biological differences is essential for exercise physiologists and health professionals when assessing cardiovascular health and performance capabilities between genders.